The properties of the fluid, as tested by the drilling fluid specialist, are described. Classifications of drilling fluids has been attempted in many ways, often producing more confusion than insight. Amoco production company drilling fluids manual proprietary for the exclusive use of amoco production company and other wholly owned subsidiaries of amoco corporation. Electronic chapters of the new iadc drilling manual. Since all particles are enveloped by drilling fluid, attractive forces among strongly interacting particles e. Pdf selection and application of drilling fluids researchgate. The proposed model is valuable for drilling operations because it can help in minimizing the loss of expensive drilling fluids through optimization of drilling fluid rheological properties and. This articles is all about properties of fluid mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, pdf. Studies of the rheological properties of drilling fluids.
Mud properties controlling technical key functions. Therefore, this effect has not been included in shaker performance analysis. For any type of drilling fluid, all five prop erties may, to some. Standalone, informationpacked chapters of the 12th edition of the definitive rig operations manual, the new iadc drilling manual, are available in convenient electronic form. Designing and managing drilling fluid disk 2 schlumberger. Drilling fluids rheological properties and shear banding. One of the functions of drilling mud is to carry cuttings out of the hole. This report concerns the analysis of the basic techniques of formulating, testing and studying the properties of drilling fluid in contamination with different material encountered during drilling process. Another important issue for the evaluation of parameters of biviscosity fluids is the number of rates of viscosimeter, used to make measurements. Onshore drilling fluids baker hughes, a ge company.
Types of drilling mud water base mud oil base mud emulsion mud. The three major types of drilling mud, mostly used in drilling operations, are water based drilling mud, oil based drilling mud, and synthetic based drilling mud. It is expressed either in ppg lbs gallons or pound per cubic feet lbft3 or kgm3 or gmcm3 or compared to the weight of an equal volume of water as specific gravity. The wbm family, in which fresh, salt, or seawater is the continuous phase, is the most used 9095%. Performances and environmental considerations 229 1. The cost of this part can get to the level of 15% of total cost of operations. Properties of drilling fluid know energy solutions. Introduction international association of drilling. One classification scheme, given here, is based only on the mud composition by singling out the component that clearly defines the function and performance of the fluid. Previous studies investigated the effect of rock type with different loadings on the drilling fluid properties. Drilling fluids is an important part in drilling process. Drilling operations expose the producing formation to the drilling fluid, and any solids and chemicals contained in that fluid. In a 1214inch hole, about pounds of earth material must be removed for every foot of hole. We can customize this mud with stable fluid properties under the temperature demands of virtually any.
A proper understanding of drilling fluids role, be it bentonite, polymers, or chemicals added to make up water as treatments or drilling fluid enhancement materials are. Ryen caenn specializes in the technology transfer for all aspects of drilling and completion fluids technologies. More than 100 renowned technical experts contributed to the first major rewrite of the iadc drilling manual in 22 years. When drillingfluid pressure induces a fracture, fluid fills the void, wedging it open until properly sized wsm is forced into the opening. The mud viscosity is another important property, as cuttings will settle to the bottom of the. Automatic measurement of drilling fluid and drillcuttings properties.
Improving the rheological properties of water based mud. Drilling fluid properties and circulation rates determine the parasitic pressure losses in the drill string and the available pressure at the bit for optimized drilling. Due to the particle separator unit of the flow loop, the yield strength of the fluid should not too large. The rheological properties of drilling fluids are more sensitive to influence of temperature, pressure and.
The inefficiency of the drilling fluid in performing certain functions is mainly due to a lack in a par ticular rheological property. The additives in drilling fluids are adjusted according to the physicochemical conditions of geological formations which invariably change with depth ghazia, 2011. In geotechnical engineering, drilling fluid, also called drilling mud, is used to aid the drilling of boreholes into the earth. A density specific gravity density is defined as weight per unit volume. Inhibitive properties enable minimal drilling issues to be encountered, enabling sustained higher rop. The drillingfluid program should indicate the density and physicochemical properties most likely to provide the best results for a given interval. In addition to it, the drilling fluids conduct hydraulic energy to tools and bit, they stop. In geotechnical engineering, drilling fluid, also called drilling mud, is used to aid the drilling of.
Effect of formation cuttings mechanical properties on. The cost can be higher if the drilling fluids are not well controlled and the properties are not maintained at their accurate range. The viscosity is independent of time and the stresses vanish immediately when the flow is stopped. Rheological properties of drilling muds have considerable impact on carrying out of drilling cutting on a day surface, creation of hydrodynamic pressure in well. Introduction drilling fluid function and performance iadc. Pdf automatic measurement of drilling fluid and drill.
The cement used in oil wells must possess three primary properties. Highperformance waterbased systems are very low in colloidal content contributing to high rates of penetration. A single well profile has formations with varying properties. Experimental investigation of drilling fluid performance. The drilling fluid must also be capable to transporting cuttings out of the hole at a reasonable velocity that minimizes their disintegration and incorporation as drilled solids into the drilling fluid system. Drilling fluid selectionthe following requirements and criteria should be applied when considering the selection of drilling fluid or fluids for a particular well. Although the bingham model and the powerlaw models are frequently used for modelling the viscosity of drilling fluids, most drilling fluids do not conform exactly.
The cement used for oil well cementing differs from concrete or masonry work in that it consists of a thin slurry of primarily cement and water. This report consists of six chapters with four experiments for measuring the physical properties of drilling fluid such as mud weight density, rheology viscosity. As a result, the properties of the drilling fluid, such as density and rheological properties, will change based on the cutting properties. Characterisation and management of drilling fluids and. Clean, cool, and lubricate thebit and drill string9. These nondispersed fluids show similar performance to invert emulsion fluids but maintain all the benefits of a waterbased fluid. Temperature is one of the most critical problems for ultradeep well drilling, the properties of drilling fluid effected by temperature are as following the effects. This is the only way that the rock which is drilled or which sloughs from the wall is carried out of the hole. This wedging process squeezes the formation outward, around the perimeter of the wellbore.
Effect of ph on rheological and filtration properties of water. Mud has many important functions and corresponding necessary properties. The properties of a drilling fluid useful in performance one function may be detrimental to another. They must possess a proper watertocement ratio, a sufficient fluid time to allow placement, and must develop enough continue reading oil well cementing, properties and. The successful completion of an oil well and its cost depend to a. However, the effect of cuttings mechanical properties. In addition to considering the chemical composition and properties of the well, a drilling fluid engineer must also take environmental impact into account when prescribing the type of drilling. Most particles in drilling fluids, however, have strong surface charges and interact strongly with each other at any concentration. Drilling fluid definition of drilling fluid by merriam. Composition and properties of drilling and completion fluids. Introduction drilling operation is enhanced by the application of drilling mud bourgouyne, 1991. The wbm are mainly composed of aqueous solutions of polymers and clays in water or brines, with different types of additives incorporated to the aqueous solution. Pdf testing and studying the properties of drilling.
Shale shakers effect on drilling fluids rheological. Baroid has led the advancement of nonaqueous fluid technology, from introducing the very first nonaqueous fluid, to the development and introduction of the awardwinning highperformance fragile gel systems that offer significant performance improvements. The properties tested are classified as controlling the mud weight, viscosity, fluid loss, and chemical reactivity. Testing drilling fluid properties various properties of drilling fluid are monitored and adjusted to achieve desired performance. Functions of a drilling fluid drilling fluid technology.
The composition of drilling fluids is related to the base fluid used to formulate the fluidwater, nonaqueous, or pneumatic. This book presents how to apply fluid mechanics on drilling fluid related challenges and explains the related physics involved and the different engineering approaches. Drilling fluid definition is a mixture of clay and other chemicals with oil or water that is circulated around the drill bit in oilwell drilling in order to lubricate and cool the bit, flush rock cuttings to the surface, and plaster the side of the well to prevent caveins. At the surface, the drilling fluid must release the cuttings for efficient removal. Outward compression and strengthening of the wellbore once the drilling fluid is trapped in the fracture behind. Experimental study of rheological properties of model. The major factor in defining the efficiency of carrying out of cutting is a ratio of plastic viscosity of drilling mud with a dynamic.
Drilling fluid design the objective of the drilling fluid design was to obtain a formulation of a water based fluid with distinct nonnewtonian properties, including yield strength, shear thinning, and thixotropy. Mud has many functions, the single most important one is to remove the cuttings a away from under the bit and b transport them from the bottom to the surface. Recommended practice for laboratory testing of drilling fluids. In drilling operations, the fine drilled cutting are mixed with the drilling fluid. He has worked in the industry for over 50 years, starting as a mud engineer in 1966, and for over 35 years as consultant to oil companies, fluid service companies and chemical manufacturers in the us and international drilling and production chemicals industry. Hole cleaning the ability to lift particles of various sizes out of the hole is one of the most important functions of a drilling fluid.
In addition, drilling fluids are to be nonhazardous to the. Completely drilling fluids, especially drilling mud, can have a wide range of chemical and physical properties. Composition and properties of drilling and completion fluids caenn, ryen, darley, hch, gray, george r. Mud engineering this chapter covers the following items.
The drilling supervisors guide to drilling fluids iadc. These tests are designed to assist in the evaluation of certain parameters for drilling fluids, with these properties not necessarily used for the maintenance of a drilling fluid in field use. The new invert emulsion drilling fluid can readily and reversibly be converted from an invert, i. Pdf over the years, the discovery of petroleum in various parts of the world has led. Routine testing is carried out on drilling fluids to determine the following. Research on the drilling fluid technology for high temperature. The tests provide either more precision or different properties than those given in. Properties of fluidmass density, specific weight, volume. Often used while drilling oil and natural gas wells and on exploration drilling rigs, drilling fluids are also used for much simpler boreholes, such as water wells. The key property of the fluid to be monitored in this case is the density. Pdf testing and studying the properties of drilling fluid in. This chapter focuses on the functions, composition, and properties of drilling fluids. A fluid having the value of shear stress more than the yield value and shear stress is proportional to the shear strain velocity gradient is known as ideal plastic fluid.